I-HRM & Performance Management and Strategic Management Assignment

I-HRM & Performance Management and Strategic Management - Assignment Example However its importance becomes multi fold in global scenario due to the variable and dynamic nature of market. Success in IHRMs is akin to success of overall operational activity undertaken. Introduction: Organizations are a collection of different individuals and different processes that are grouped together into one unit in form of larger entity. Each of these has a clear role defined and responsibility assigned to them. Without the clear definition of the roles, the processes cannot excel. A special domain is in place that ensures that all these personnel are adjusted according to the requirement, and according to their skill and abilities. This is covered in the domain of Human Resource management. Assigning the right kind of role to the right kind of person in the right manner. The scope of HRM is quite a broad one and it entails almost all the activities of the personnel involved (Ristow, et al. 2009). No organization can survive without the presence of apt Human resource manag ement. Human resource management may exist in various forms. It can be of local level and/ or international level. The International human resource management is applicable in cases when the organization performs its activities and provides its services off shore and across the border. Like the domestic human resource management, IHRM is subject to the compliance of structures like performance management and strategic management. While each society has its own characteristic ways and patterns, and as a result of this, the individuals go about different functions in a different manner, it becomes imperative to adjust and accommodate these individuals and these functions according to their inspirations and in result yield the best deal out of the scenario and situation. They dynamic nature of I-HRM: Human resource management in the international context is the most dynamic concept since these trends vary from society to society, and country to country. While the basic concepts of huma n resource management remain the same, which are based on the basic principles of ensuring that the right kind of person is employed and inducted in the right place, yet in global context, the culture, the overall aptitude, the global patterns, the governmental factors and considerations also must be taken into account (Haris, et al. 2003). In the global scenario, the IHRM aims at creating a correlation between the nature of work and nature of people. Since a totally different culture and society is involved thereby variations are bound and adjustments ought to be made in accordance. The need: The need for human resource management in international scenario becomes more important than ever because different aptitudes, difference surroundings, and different variables are involved. In domestic domains, the natures and aptitudes can be easily comprehended, but in international scenario, the trends and patterns are totally different based on different set of values, cultural norms, folk ways, in such cases, understanding the human resource functions is an indispensible concept and it serves as the backbone towards the organizational success. Mishandling and it could lead to the overall failure of the organizational venture undertaken on international shores (MacCourt 2003). Literature Review: The early 19th century and middle 20th century has seen massive change in the manner in which businesses were being conducted earlier (Shuman & Twombly 2001 19). The global trends have prevailed since then with every individual and every organization in touch with

Experimental economics Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Experimental economics - Essay Example Loss aversion states that the disadvantage in losing an object is considered greater than the advantage of acquiring an object. The research paper explores the relation between endowment affect and status quo bias with loss aversion. Findings of the Article The researchers conducted various studies to establish the endowment act. An experiment on a certain group of people involved endowment of either lottery tickets or money. It was found in the study that nobody would willingly part with the lottery ticket for money. It was believed that in a market setting, the discrepancies between the Willingness to Pay (WTP) and Willingness to Acquire (WTA) would reduce. A series of experiments were conducted to understand the endowment affect. The first experiment revealed that the market clearing price coincided with the point of intersection of induced demand and supply curves and transaction costs were low. Since the income effects are insignificant and transaction cost is low thus when mark et clearing occurs objects are owned by people who value it the most. The volume of trade was low due to the price reservation of the buyers and sellers and was attributed to the lack of willingness on the part of the owner to part with his belonging. Indifference curves are reversible and they do not intersect. In the presence of loss aversion, the reversibility concept is not applicable. The primary affect of endowment does not lie in increasing the attraction towards the goods one owns. Rather, it enhances the pain in giving up the good.

IQ Tests Are Not An Accurate Measure Psychology Essay

IQ Tests Are Not An Accurate Measure Psychology Essay IQ testing is very limited. They do not see how people view things. While someone may be bright personality, they may not be easy to decorate ADEPT sunset well. They can postulate ADEPT idea of space, but so vague they can not pass on dialogue more than a couple of seconds. Their brains can really incredible places equations and brilliant designs, but they tricked there, unable, which will be expressed in another and vice versa. An intriguing look at understanding the idea of multiple intelligences, Howard Gardner. He admits a lot of space Intellect, in which people tend to Excel in various ways. Some of the intelligence: melodic, linguistic, logical-mathematical, kinesthetic and spatial. You can see how the various disciplines will rely more on one than the other, which allows for each of them one by one, to find their power and as a consequence, the chase area. IQ test is often inaccurate. They do not check understanding. In addition, they do not count for abstract thinkers. I am very clever, but my IQ round 90 (below average). Some testing is designed to abstract thinkers (I) and the only one; I correspond to 125 (above average). In addition, they do not take into account such things as dyslexia. Einstein IQ was about 100 (he was dyslexic). Problems from the IQ test includes: 1. it is not clear that they actually test. 2. Coaches may increase the label by 10 points or more, so much SPAN, they check their familiarity with the types of queries asked. 3. In a study conducted in West Africa (Guinea-Bissau), about 25 years ago proposed a large-scale determinant of all or not, if the children went to school. Children who were not in school are puzzled by question-answer solemn and only to a reduction of points. 4. So-called query language is not related to the knowledge of foreign dialects found in the school. 5. Maturity (sometimes now referred to as emotional intelligence) is very significant, but it is not checked in the tests of IQ. For the demonstration, though brilliant, you can be on the numbers and physics, it can be restricted if you use Furious obtained easily. You need to get together with others, are attached to competently without aggression, which will be informative for those around you, and so on. Loss of the efforts that you do not welcome the origin; will not end the difficulties and not only with peers. Having said all that, IQ test may have limited value, but they are only sporadically, and is direct and should not be interpreted in isolation. Alternatively, one test subject, to face a psychologist, as a rule, more informative. 1. In most states, clinical psychologists and neuroscientists are allowed to perform psychological tests, for example, test IQ. Nevertheless, many specialists who conduct such tests do not collect additional data about the client, which is contrary to the use of test results of clients. To demonstrate, none of the testers are always asking me if I brought with mental illness have the representation of anxiety, depression and other mental illnesses, these components have a contradictory influence on the assessment of his IQ. 2. According to Parnes. W. ET. Al. (2010), these investigators concluded that mental illness, in detail, rather than weaken their IQ tags, at least from 3 to 7 points (p.556). To illustrate, those who have high ratings of anxiety rigidly at runtime to verify the IQ, because there is so much strength to do good to those inspections and limited most of the audits. 3. Another component is to assist that some clinical psychologists and neurologists are not aware of the influence of drugs (medical or psychiatric treatment) can reduce their reflectivity. Details, anti-anxiety antidepressants and antipsychotic may weaken one reservation in this well on these tests. To illustrate, if the matter had been granted in recent anti-anxiety medication, but he may give up his concerns, in addition, it can improve its response time, and in many confined to the south of the tests, thus, have a contradictory effect on the results of this question. LITERATURE It appears that intelligence tests are there places to give the proposal a person knowing or disability, if you will examine all aspects of the test results, if not, the results can be devastating, as one by one by one can be wrong all my life, because of the detail that the results are only a suggestion, as someone is on the set of requests and tests. Culture, community deprivation, education and informative background may have an impact on the results (Howe, 1997). Also on the day of the check so many components can affect the results of the example of our feelings, tension and illness (Heim, 1970). It occurs to me that smart checks cover only a few benefits of ownership entity, it does not cover the melodic skills, spatial awareness, both in terms of the main article, inter-and intra-personal understanding, the widespread sense, creativity, imagination, sensitivity, motivation and knowledge to acclimate to the position, and their natural environment, these functions will not be se en as part of the intelligence? From the various shapes which psychologists can not agree on my last demonstration of Vernon that the understanding that an understanding of test estimates and assumptions that IQ test results taken by George Stephenson will. Brings me to the decision that understanding can not be clearly characterized and without unquestionable distinction, we can not estimate ità ¢Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â‚¬Å¡Ã‚ ¬Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â‚¬Å¾Ã‚ ¢s indisputable. Discussion The most common understanding of the test used in schools and clinical background Wechsler Intelligence Scale for Children-Fourth Edition (WISC-IV) and Wechsler Adult Intelligence Scale Third Edition (WAIS-III). Although the WISC-IV has a very high reliability, The most common understanding of the test used in schools and clinical background Wechsler Intelligence Scale for Children-Fourth Edition (WISC-IV) and Wechsler Adult Intelligence Scale Third Edition (WAIS-III). Although the WISC-IV has a very high reliability, to investigate if it is legitimate, that is, that it proposes measures. WISC-IV is a very verbal test and students, especially those that reduce the socio-economic status, can claim not to do such a real full understanding of the point system. This may be controversial; independently test IQ snapshot of students knowledge and should be used with other assessments, i.e. facts, meetings, assessment scales. David Wechsler was a psychiatrist at Bellevue Hospital in New York. He synthesized check Wechsler Bellevue in 1939, during which a couple of IQ tests were available. It has stood the test of time and will be applied will be changed, revaluation and changes. WAIS-IV is most expected to be available in 2008. Other checks of understanding, which have been used, but less widely general include: Kaufman Assessment Battery for Children-Second Edition (KABC-II) and Stanford Bin Edition (SB-V). Although almost all American universities, training of school psychologists for the WISC-IV, some of fire KABC-II and in favor of SB-V. Some advocate the KABC-II, and dismiss the SB-V. Choosing a better understanding of the test is based on a scientist or an adult needs / abilities are the most significant conclusions to conduct any tests. Reducing bias and was not used to eradicate ADEPT, is important. Intelligence Test will always be used, but in varying degrees. They may be good predictors of the future representation, but also understanding their limitations is important. Argument simply What is intelligence? will be used to deceive and fascinate those intended for education and psychology. School for gifted children? Since when is IQ Fund? Based on the psychology of the background of IQ do not know anything, so little skill or success. For computer monitors young children through IQ tests are conducted online is not indisputable and reliable indicator. Proper assessment of IQ is considered on two components, which include verbal ability, speed of information processing, general information, numbers and logical / perceptual skills of argumentation. These checks are very hard and long, not to mention that it can be done only by the expert therapists and psychologists. Even these tests are the result, the number of which is very random and subjective. Creating a school for gifted children will be more disgusted than positive consequences for humanity and future generations. There may be a sense of elitism, even feelings of rejection and inferiority, for small children, is not recognized in the school. Why strengthen our elitism is currently very segregation of humanity, which are aimed at achieving power and dominant? But such a distinction to be gifted? How do you explain the offspring who receive IQ 140, but did not meet his subjects at school because he was not inspired to learn? Or the offspring, which in better understanding the various non-verbals understanding of the test, but the detection of violations and, therefore, can neither read nor write? How about the Orang Asli young children who do not have the money to pay for good education and does not apply to cultural heritage, and do not have access to the Internet to do the test IQ? Some may do poorly in an IQ test, but it means that they are stupid or not gifted? Why fast need to focus on intelligent young children to be cared for, to be smarter when unattended for a long time we are faced with situations, persons with an indication of violation. RM80mil fed to make intelligent young children are more intelligent than to neglect other young children who are average or less intelligent. Lets not go into detail, what people are doing most of the population. Are we destined to leave them in the classroom because they do not receive recognition or other entity? Humanity is now appreciated and acknowledged that the details of the equalizer and public awareness much more obligations sign of success. People who possess this understanding is much more attractive for the round and ability to endure and prosper in the real world. Let us recognize that the key to a prosperous time has the knowledge to understand and apply to a person, not just on the basis of assessment among the most rapid and tends to interpret an abstract form and the logical place. Lets move on to equip our young children with these skills. Bought in cash in the schools for gifted can be used to add a point of view of psychology in high school, or helping young children with adversity, and not opening. Let us build a large area, in general, rather than part of a large nationality if it is legitimate, i.e., that it proposes measures. WISC-IV is a very verbal test and students, especially those which reduce the socio-economic rank, may not present so do not do real full understanding of the score scale. This may be controversial; independently, IQ test snapshot of a students knowledge and should be used with other estimates, i.e. facts, meetings, rating scales. David Wechsler was a psychiatrist at Bellevue Hospital in New York. He synthesized check Wechsler Bellevue in 1939, during which the couple IQ test were available. It has stood the test of time and will apply to be changed, Re-valuation, and change. WAIS-IV is most expected to be available in 2008. Other checks of understanding, which were used, but less widely general include: Kaufman Assessment Battery for Children-Second Edition (KABC-II) and Stanford Bin edition (SB-V). Although almost all American universities train school psychologists on WISC-IV, some dismiss KABC-II and in favor of SB-V. Some advocate the KABC-II, and dismiss the SB-V. Choosing a better understanding of the test is based on a scientist or an adult needs / abilities are the most significant conclusions before conducting any tests. Reducing bias and not accustomed to eradicate ADEPT, is essential. Intelligence test will always be used, but in varying degrees. They may be good predictors of the future representation, but understanding their limitations is important. The argument is simply What is intelligence? will apply to deception and enthrall those intended for education and psychology. School for gifted children? Since when is IQ an endowment? Based on the psychology of the background of IQ is not known any thing, the smallest such skill or success. For computer monitors young children through IQ testing conducted online are not indisputable and reliable indicator. Proper assessment of IQ is considered on a couple of components that cover verbal ability, processing rate, general information, numbers and logical / perceptual skills of argumentation. These checks are very intense and long, not to mention that it can only be held expert therapists and psychologists. Even these checks are the result, a number that is very random and subjective. Creating a school for gifted children will be more disgusted than positive consequences for humanity and future generations. There may be a sense of elitism, even a sense of rejection and inferiority, for small children, is not recognized in the school. Why strengthen our elitism is currently very segregation of humanity, which focused on achieving power and dominant? But such a distinction to be gifted? How do you explain the offspring who receive IQ 140, but does not meet his subjects in school because he was not inspired to learn? Or the offspring who are in a better understanding of the various non-verbal test understanding, but the detection of disorders and, thus, can neither read nor write? How about the Orang Asli young children who do not have cash to pay for good education and not extended to the built heritage, and does not have access to the Internet to do the test IQ? Some may do poorly on the test IQ, but it means that they are stupid or not gifted? Why fast need to focus on intelligent young children to be cared for, to be smarter when unattended for a long time we are confronted with situations, persons with identification of violations. RM80mil fed to commit intellectual young children smarter to neglect other young children who are average or less intelligent. Lets not go in detail, what do people make the most of the population. Are we destined to leave them in the classroom because they do not receive the recognition or other education? Mankind today is appreciated and acknowledged that the details of the equalizer and public understanding is far more obligations sign of success. People who own such understanding are far more attractive to the round and ability to endure and prosper in the real world. Let us recognize that the key to a prosperous time has the knowledge to understand and apply to a person, not just on the basis of assessment among the most rapid and tends to interpret the abstract forms and the logical spot. Let us move towards equipping our young children with those skills. Bought in cash in schools gifted can be used to add terms of psychology in secondary schools, or helping young children with adversity, and not opening. Analysis James Flynn is not the man to quietly begin to retire. Emeritus Professor at the University of Otego in New Zealand, he still teaches and researches energetically 73. He says the investment and the collection of left-of-center party alliance. He has published in the foundation, which will be his own last sentence in the relative between the rush and IQ. In the summer after he learns the world is talking about What is the mind, edition was published in October in which he groups in its interpretation of the mystery of who bears his name: increased IQ of life in a generation. Your IQ is expected to be higher than that of your parents, and IQ, your children, is expected to be higher than you. Our advantage over our ancestors more consistently across all age groups from cradle to grave states Flynn. Nobody knows if the income will continue, but there is no doubt that they are overridden by 20 100 years and that their realities and dimensions were quite unexpected. He was horrified, so as not to offend. In July, when a reporter asked him about New Zealands Census numbers show that less educated women bring more small children, he said that the trend is to use a high down force of the earth by the average intelligence as the average height will decrease if the person was short and more children than young big. Flynn went on the assumption that if future technological improvements designed contraceptives can be put into the water, so that the antidote should be taken to develop a child, each offspring will be fond of children. Others learned described his concepts as absolutely disgusting. New Zealand Childrens Commissioner said he was in dangerous territory. And Flynn? He said that he was simply too Vintage to be concerned about offending anyone. What makes the concept of Flynn on understanding, haste and the government increasingly getting their liberalism? They have their genesis in his time at the University of Chicago, half of 100 years ago. In 1951, mature 17, he went to the Midwest from his village lived in Washington, DC, to study politics. Liberal concept was in the air. Nine years earlier, some scientists from the University helped to found the Congress of Racial Equality (CORE). Young smart, Flynn was awarded the BA after one year, and continued to do a masters degree and doctorate. In his first lessons of the work at the University of East Kentucky, he became head of a separate section of CORE and, as a result, has found their work untenable. He moved to the north, in Lake Forest, a liberal-arts school back in Chicago, Thus, in 1963, he moved to New Zealand, taking its interest in the liberal conception of him. And in 1980 he composed the publication of Race, IQ and Jensen, arguing that the reason IQs of black Americans behind whites was not genetic inferiority, as some understanding of the investigators covering Jensen. Was initiated gap, Flynn is considered among the huge differences between these two groups. Therefore, it can be closed. He believes, as between the two world wars, blacks were tapered gap with white to test the mental skills that the American infantry recruits were used for computer display. His opponents objected that such a check only listed school-taught information, and that the gap will remain constant at any purer test of cognitive abilities. To check them properly, Flynn needed to show that the Corps verify the validity of assessments of understanding, not just training. He began to wander about the leadership of the two most widely used IQ tests look how well they correlate with those used by infantry. Both Stanford-Bitnet and Wechsler tests were seen as a good grade in his native intelligence so if the identical person, usually do so as to test their IQ and infantry, it would strengthen his case that there were cognitive gains among Americans is very dark. Flynn found nothing applicable to his look, but it is something extra point, something very strange. IQ test revised from time to time to restore the outside of the date of request ( typewriters has given way to computer, yes, Ted phrases like delicious were dropped before the date of jargon as operational). In the matter of completeness group calculates average on both versions will be released in test manuals. And much, usually attractive, Assembly Tally up the Vintage tests. IQ calculation shows how to assess whether the nominee with a large standardization sample of individuals who have to check when it was first introduced. Breakthrough Flynn showed that individuals who were used to calibrate the previous audits were consistently easier to beat the testing agencies. Now, Flynn found him much bolder. And not only one deprived groups black Americans making cognitive gains, could mean the person can not be getting smarter? He looked at all the studies in which a lone Assembly was granted two checks, one calibrated to others. By 1984, he gathered the results from more than 7000 subjects, as well as about a dozen blends of tests. And they are sharp to a startling conclusion: White Americans have been gradually taking advantage of round three-tenths Issue IQ per year for nearly half a century. In 1984, he released a document saying so. This does not guarantee its critics. As far as they were concerned, all that has been verified that the IQ test was a lot more borrowing from the general improvement in education, and far from excellent collection of native speaker than previously thought. IQ counts tend to remain fairly steady the whole life of older individuals, as well as a study of twins who were separated at birth suggested that genetic inheritance had more influence than any environmental factor. The fact that Americans white Americans, no less can be reliably getting smarter, and surprisingly quickly, appeared unthinkable. Flynn looked at more remote locations. I received some notoriety because of my article 84, he explains. So I felt I could make up the infantry administration in each home, provided that the mental checks and verification offices throughout the world that I knew. Not all of them answered, but some of them. And this was the answer he received from the dreary November Saturday in 1984, with the PA Vroom, a Dutch psychologist Flynn assured that he was on certain things deeper meaning. It consisted of the audit is called Raven, managing up to 18-year-old Dutch conscripts from 1952 to 1982. This is one of the cleanest test innate intelligence. The problem is in the place of ordered structures in the form of assembly and loads them for it. There are no sentences, no school-taught skills and general knowledge. During those three decades, the average Tally rose 20 points. It was a huge benefit. Does that 18-year-old with a medium Tally in 1982 do better than all but a tenth of the male juvenile identical age who was tested three decades ago. Just as convincing a random experiment of the most recent meeting it was agreed with their own fathers, and children were matched 18 points higher. During the next year, Flynn received the facts and figures from other 13 countries, all of which are shown IQ gains. Today, no one question remains: IQ, increased throughout the 20 the century. Nearly 30 countries, some Evolved, some developing countries, noted the benefits. The whole world got smarter and faster. Conclusion In a small (very small) way. IQ tests mainly on data processing. Much faster, one does (effectiveness), and right: wrong ratio better than its Tally (completeness), the higher the score. However, some young children with high IQ do terrible in a normal school (for example, state public K-12). The reason for this is the most regular of boredom, as people tend not to pay to blunt the vigilance of topics / situations. With a high IQ, some topics may appear very simple to scientists, resulting in them, and push to spend unnecessary allowances to maintain mental effort on. Divergent questions, young children with low IQ, not necessarily D / F students. The cause of offspring with low IQ will do badly in school, usually because of unfavorable conditions in the understanding of the topic, and thus they may need added, personalized assistance from a teacher / educator. But, allegedly, a reduction in IQ does not mean the offspring will mean perform in school. I saw most regularly causes a red uction in IQ detection of disability (dyslexia, dyscalculia, ADD / ADHD, etc.) or the offspring can only approve tests (quite common in very minor children). Keep in mind that in this situation, the child in understanding not portrayed as poor. IQ tests only assess the PACE and understanding, which does not say how intelligent offspring. Conclusion: The IQ test is no experience to predict if the offspring will do well or do not attend school. Only time and know-how, I can say. Most people have very limited knowledge of the functional consequences of testing IQ. Many believe IQ tests only as an entertainment tool. However, statistical facts and figures reveal important connections between IQ test tags and many communities are important components, like scholastic presentation, opening the qualifications..

Goo Earth :: essays research papers

#  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Quotes/Responses  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Page # 1  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã¢â‚¬Å"There was a woman coming to the house. Never again would Wang Lung have to rise†¦at dawn to light the fire. He could lie in his bed and wait.  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  2   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  This quote shows the reader the kind of role the woman was supposed to have in her family. She was to do all of the housework, cooking†¦ Basically she takes care of the man’s every need.  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   2  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã¢â‚¬Å"‘Come here, slave,’ said the old lady carelessly. ‘This man has come for you.’†Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  13   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Female children were often sold as slaves to rich families. This wasn’t done with male children, which shows that the male children were held in much higher regards, and that they were worth more to a family.  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   3  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã¢â‚¬Å"‘Is it a man?’ he cried importunely.†Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  27   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Male children were wanted more than females because they could own land and grow crops, something that the government prohibited females to do.  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   4  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã¢â‚¬Å"‘It is over once more. It is only a slave this time-not worth mentioning.’ Wang lung stood still. A sense of evil struck him. A girl!†Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  46   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Wang Lung wasn’t any exception to the rule with girl children. He just wanted to have male children because girls just caused a whole lot of trouble in his eyes.  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   5  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã¢â‚¬Å"I would sell this girl for you-to take you back to the land.’†Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  83   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  O’lan was willing to sell her daughter so that her family could go back to their home and their land. Wang Lung did not think that it was right to do so. O’lan thought that it was ok because she was sold into slavery when her parents needed money  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   6  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã¢â‚¬Å"‘My mother did not bind them, since I was sold so young. But the girls' feet I will bind-the younger girl's feet I will bind.’†Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  122   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  The women were expected to have their feet bound to make them smaller and more beautiful. The women were expected to go through a lot of pain to be presentable to their husband.  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   7  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã¢â‚¬Å"‘He chose one most beautiful, a small, slender thing, a body light as a bamboo and a little face as pointed as a kitten's face, and one hand clasping the stem of a lotus flower in bud, and the hand as delicate as the tendril of a fern uncurled.’†Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  126   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  This quote refers to Wang Lung when he went to pay for his pleasures with a beautiful woman. This kind of thing was ok for a man to do. He could have as many women as he wanted, but a woman could not do the same.

Masks of Eternity Essay

In the episode â€Å"Masks of Eternity,† Joseph Campbell explains the godliness of self. He explains ideas about the past versus the present and the common ways of thinking that have changed the way messages are viewed and interpreted. He goes over the ideas of the inner Christ, the significance of the circle, and peak experiences. Campbell speaks of an inner Christ in all people. It is not a connection to God, but a oneness with him; meaning that you become a part of God. He explains it as the difference of an individual life, meaning the life of the person, and the all encompassing life, meaning the life that turns the world and all other things. He tells of finding it through meditation, finding that center of yourself that can feel a connection to the life around you and the realization that all things are connected and caused by one another. Campbell interprets the things he was taught as a child, about the angel and the demon on either side of him, as the urges that push our decisions in one direction or the other. These energies, he says, come from the different organs of the body. Each needs something different, and the urges that arise are about what is needed most. Campbell also speaks of the significance of the circle. Each culture has some form of importance in the shape of the circle. He talks about the way Native Americans built their villages in the shape of a circle, the way Aztecs made a circular calendar, and the way that each culture put itself in the center of that circle. He talks about ancient cultures believing that everything generates around a specific point, orbiting around it. Campbell also speaks of time going in a circle. In ancient times, it was seen as a reoccurring aspect of life, summer, fall, winter, spring. All things ended and began anew in a pattern. Now, though, time is seen as a straight line. Clocks make us realize that time is flowing past and will never come again. Before, death was looked at as a rebirth; now it is simply looked at as the end. Peak experiences, as Campbell explains, are moments where you can feel the harmony of being alive. For him, it was a race in Colombia. He said he could feel that he was going to win the race, not even because he was winning, but because he could feel it within himself. He explains peak experiences as being in a state of mind that allows you to see your outer most limits and obtain your maximum potential. He goes on to say that not all peak experiences are physical. Some can simply be a thought or realization that changes your outlook on life or solving a problem. Some peak experiences are not the highest points of your life. A life can have many peak experiences as long as you feel that you are at one with yourself and what you are accomplishing. Personally, I understand the inner Christ, not as a connection to the life around us, but a working understanding of the path God has set out for us. I can understand the ideas behind this belief in the inner Christ and the idea that Jesus may have found his inner connection with life, but I do not agree with it. I believe that The feeling they are referring to is the feeling that comes with following Gods path, whether you know him as your savior or not. The idea of the circle on the other hand, I can understand completely. Time feels like it is flowing by without slowing, but there is always the chance of next time. Next time I’ll get that raise; next time I’ll win; next time I will do better. Time isn’t a perfect circle to me, but neither is it a straight line. It is a looping flow, cork screwing back onto itself. My peak realization in life so far was the creation of an art piece in high school. I was working on a drawing of a tree, creating every painstaking detail, and all the time, I knew that I was going to be proud of it; that I was going to get it right. I felt accomplished without having yet accomplishing anything. To this day, I can look at no other piece I have finished and count it as my best.

Green Building

Table of Contents Introduction†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦. 1 I. Improving Energy Efficiency†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦1 II. Environmental Benefits of Building Green†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦.. 9 III. Social Benefits†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦.. 12 IV. LEED Certification†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦ 12 Conclusion†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦. 15 Work Cited†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦. 16 Figure 1†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢ € ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦ 3 Figure 2†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦. 5 Figure 3†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦. 5 Figure 4†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦. 6 Figure 5†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦. 7 Figure 6†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦. 9 Figure 7†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦. 9 Figure 8†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦. 10 Figure 9†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦. 2 Figure 10†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦.. 13 Table I – Energy Costs†¦ †¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦. 2 Table II – Top 10 Energy Saving Design Strategies†¦ 8 Executive Summary The environment has been a substantial topic of discussion lately. This is due to the lack of energy efficient products in our cars, homes, buildings, and construction. Healthcare facilities are one of the largest energy consumers in the country. There is so much need to keep up with life safety and health standards that the healthcare industry doesn’t look at the big picture of th e effects of energy conservation and the risks it could cause in the future.The purpose of this report is to inform healthcare officials and any individual that could be effected by not building green, the benefits of energy efficiency, environmental and social benefits, and last but not least Leadership in Energy and Environmental Design certification, or LEED certification. Energy efficiency plays the most important roll in building green. In order to save the environment in the future we must save energy. There are several different ways to do this.Using solar power energy would reduce the use of electricity by burning less coal, designing roofs to grow plans to reduce heat loss in the winter months and keep cool in the summer months and at the same time creating an eco-friendly habitat for nature, controlling the use of water efficiency, lighting efficiency by using natural light instead of artificial, using specific materials during building and everyday uses to be efficient, a nd using proper heating and cooling techniques. Environmental benefits help to increase to life expectancy of our environment by reducing our emissions output and control our waste management. You can read also Thin Film Solar CellInvolving more people into green building consists of social efficiency. Social efficiency creates a healthier lifestyle and improved health by adding a bike rack to the entrance of a building to encourage the idea of riding bikes to and from the building. Finally LEED certification regulates the way we build green to make sure it is regulated correctly. There are many incentives through LEED certification to build green. Green building in healthcare facilities is rapidly growing in both popularity and importance.There are many businesses that are taking advantage of this change, while at the same time encouraging more change. Introduction Green building in healthcare facilities is a significant start to making the environment healthy. Green building refers to using a process that is eco friendly throughout a building's life cycle. This begins from sitting to design, then construction, operation, maintenance, renovation, and eventually demolition . Green buildings are designed to reduce the impact on the environment and human health by using resources efficiently, reducing waste and pollution, and improving employee productivity.The main economic issue with hospitals is that they are not very environmentally friendly. With new technology there are many different ways to make a hospital environmentally friendly. It has been estimated that 30 percent of the health sectors energy use could be reduced by switching to renewable and more energy efficient sources at no cost to quality of care. (EPA) The Energy Star program has free energy audits for health care facilities as well as energy evaluation tools and information on how to purchase more energy efficient products.It also provides information on how to make your facility more efficient through simple steps like calibrating thermostats, turning off machines when not in use, and periodically checking for leaks in the hot water system. I. Improving Energy Efficiency Energy use in healthcare facilities is higher than nearly all other building types. With rising energy costs and climate change concerns energy efficiency is financially prudent and increasingly expected. Efficiency can be gained from integrated design practices, including systems to control heat gain, and increase the efficiency of heating, ventilation, and air conditioning systems. Eco-Building Products) A few reasons why energy efficiency is important are it increases energy efficiency and reduces climate impact. It also demonstrates environmental awareness, and improves patient and staff comfort with a green indoor environment. As well as improves facilities overall operational efficiency and reduces operational costs. Less than $2. 50| 12%| $2. 51 to $3. 00| 17%| $3. 01 to $4. 00| 28%| $4. 01 to $5. 00| 21%| $5. 01 to $6. 00| 11%| $6. 01 to $7. 00| 5%| $7. 01 to $8. 00| 3%| More than $8. 00| 3%|New developments are made everyday in the field of engineering that are meant to save energy an d protect the environment. This is a very important time to be conscious of energy consumption, due to  global warming. Naturally there will be experts constantly creating new technologies in this field, but another big question is whether there should be rules and regulations that force people to create or use green-engineered products. (History of the Refinements) While green building construction may appear costly for consumers, new developments in the engineering field are providing increasingly cost-effective solutions. Simple, Smart, Sustaining Solutions) Even though green engineering is coming to the forefront of society now, it has been around and developing for many years. Table I – Energy Costs Source: Slotten Annual Energy Costs Per Square Foot (estimated) A. Solar Energy Figure 1: Microsoft Solar energy is most definitely the greatest known form of energy conservation. Solar panels can decrease the energy consumption of a health facility drastically by producing their own energy from the sun. In some cases, hospitals can even give back excess energy to the  power grid. Solar panels gather and directly convert the sun’s energy into electricity.During the daylight hours, the photovoltaic cells which are arranged on a grid pattern on the solar panels surface collect the sunlight and turn it into electricity, the charger controller regulates the amount of energy sent to the batteries to avoid being overcharged. (Simple, Smart, Sustaining Solutions) Batteries store the energy to be used at night or when there is a blackout. However, solar power is only ideal for certain regions. While some areas get lots of direct sunlight every day, like Arizona, others get less sunlight or are often cloudy, like Alaska.This technology has been around for quite a long time, but it is still growing in popularity, as well as quality. An unusual and expensive technology ten years ago is now a cheaper, more common energy alternative. (History of the Refin ements) While most of these green engineering techniques give back to the environment by decreasing the amount of energy usage, some techniques can help the local habitat more directly. Another way to harness the sunlight is by using solar thermal energy. This is commonly used for heating and providing hot water. The other way to harness solar energy is though passive solar.Passive solar is known as direct gain and uses specific materials that can store the sun’s energy for future use. Although solar energy has its disadvantages, these will be out weighed by its advantages. Some of the solar advantages are solar energy is a renewable energy source, solar energy is no cost after the initial install, solar cells do not require much maintenance, they produce no noise unlike any other energy sources, solar panels are very reliable, and solar energy is clean it does not produce any pollution. B. Green Roofs Green roofs or â€Å"healing gardens† are becoming more popular and effective.A green roof is one with a layer of  soil and  vegetation growing on top of it. Having green roofs benefits the health facility as well as the patients’ recovery and the habitat in many ways. This helps the environment,  in that it provides a habitat for wildlife that was likely there before the building was built. The  water  runoff from the top of a green  roof also drains cleaner than it was before it hit the roof. With green roofs water is stored by the substrate and then taken up by the plants and then released back into the atmosphere though evaporation.In the summer green roofs can retain 70-90% of the precipitation that falls on them. (Going Green in America's Hospitals) In the winter they retain between 25-40%. (Green Building Services) Green roofs also reduce the amount of stormwater runoff and also delay the time at which run off occurs. This results in less stress on the sewer system during a strom. Green  roofs also  benefit the  buil ding, in that they are  a  great insulation, blocking out the hot sun in the summer, or keeping the heat  from  leaving the building in the  winter. (Green Building Services) C. Water EfficiencyFigure 3: Slotten Figure 2: Slotten Water is an increasingly visible and expensive resource. Process water used to operate building systems including (figure 4) boilers/chillers, (figure 3) cooling towers, and sterilizers comprise about 75 percent of hospital water use. (Green Building Elements) Reducing water use can lower operational costs and should be part of an integrative design process for construction. Another way to improve water efficiency would be to install flow control fixtures on all faucets. The average faucet puts out five gallons of water per minute.After installing flow control fixtures this would result in a water savings of 88 gallons per day, or 32,000 gallons of heated water per year, which would save $280 annually per sink. (History of the Refinements) You cou ld also install higher consumption toilets and urinals with ultra low flush toilets and urinals, which use 1. 6 gallons per flush. (Massachusetts Water Resources Authority) Some reasons why processing water efficiently is important are it reduces environmental impact, saves money and lowers the impact on drinking water sources and water ways receiving waste water.D. Lighting Efficiency People intuitively prefer natural light to artificial light. Daylight and optimized artificial lighting can benefit hospital employees, patients and visitors. With rising energy costs and climate change concerns, using energy efficiency is financially important and expected. (California Energy Commission) In addition, evidence suggests quantifiable benefits for staff retention, patient healing, and customer satisfaction. Some reasons why lighting efficiency is important is that it improves building aesthetics and the facilities overall operational efficiency.Studies show that it can potentially reduce staff error rates, increase staff retention, and help patient recovery. (Health Facilities Management) The use of natural light is becoming very popular in  new large  facilities. In figure 5 hospitals  can have many skylights and windows to get natural light deep into the interior. The artificial lights in Figure 4: Slotten the  building  could then dim or turn off when there is a sufficient amount of natural light. There are many windows and skylights emitting natural light. Most of these windows face the north, when possible, for the least amount of direct light. Simple, Smart, Sustaining Solutions) Direct sunlight into a building  could lead to  unwanted heating of the interior. There are also small overhangs outside the vertical windows in order to block direct sunlight as well as reflect sunlight onto the slightly angled ceiling. (Going Green in America's Hospitals) This ceiling then directs the light further into the building. Graham Construction is currently w orking on sectioning off  ceiling lights  to put separate sensors and dimmers on them so that they  adjust to different levels of natural light. E. Materials EfficiencySelecting sustainable construction materials is an important aspect of building a green hospital. The concept of sustainable building incorporates and integrates a variety of strategies during the design, construction and operation of building projects. Green building materials offer specific benefits to the building owner and its occupants. * Reduced maintenance/replacement costs over the life of the building. * Energy conservation. * Improved occupant health and productivity. * Lower costs associated with changing space configurations. * Greater design flexibility. Figure 5: MicrosoftBuilding and construction activities worldwide consume 3 billion tons of raw materials each year. (CalRecycle) Using green building materials and products promotes conservation of dwindling nonrenewable resources internationally. Integrating green building materials into building projects can help reduce the environmental impact associated with the extraction, transport, processing, fabrication, installation, reuse, recycling, and disposal of these building industry source materials. (CalRecycle) Green building materials are composed of renewable, rather than nonrenewable resources.Green materials are environmentally responsible because impacts are considered over the life of the product. Depending upon project specific goals, an assessment of green materials may involve an evaluation of materials. (Simple, Smart, Sustaining Solutions) Resource efficiency can be accomplished by using materials that are of recycled content, natural, plentiful, renewable, resource efficient manufacturing process, locally available, salvaged, refurbished, reusable, and durable. (EPA) Table II – Top 10 Energy Saving Design Strategies 8%| Commissioning of building energy systems| 34%| Integration of low-energy strategies i nto building design| 32%| Day lighting| 24%| Load-reduction strategies| 24%| Low-energy design consulting services| 21%| Energy modeling programs| 19%| Use of LEED certifications| 17%| Spectrally selective glazing| 7%| Renewable energy sources| 5%| Use of EPA’s Target Finder to assess the energy performance of the construction process| Source: Slotten F. Heating and Cooling One technique that is still developing is the conservation of clean  hot or cold air.The California Academy of Sciences building has vents that open on the domes to let out hot air as well as motorized windows to let in cool air. (Green Building Services) There is a constant battle between keeping a constant temperature while using the least amount of energy Figure 6: Slotten and keeping the air fresh. Most home heating and air conditioning (figure 7) systems advertise providing accurate temperature control as well as filtering mold, moisture, dust, and pollen. There is not yet technology that can meet t he same standards while using much less energy.Another way to improve heating and cooling of a hospital would be to incorporate refrigeration and air conditioning units. By incorporating these units into a cooling loop, the facility can reduce its amount of water consumption by 3 million gallons per year, which would save over $20,000 in annual water and sewer costs. (Massachusetts Water Resources Authority) II. Environmental Benefits of Building Green The environmental benefits include conservation of natural resources, waste reduction, improvement of air and water quality, and protection of the ecosystem. According to the Environmental Protection Agency (EPA), U.S. buildings are responsible for 39% of total energy use, 12% of total water consumption, 68% of total electricity consumption and 38% of carbon dioxide emissions. (Going Green in America's Hospitals) A. Emission Reduction Figure 7: Slotten Pollutants released by fossil fuels contribute to global climate change, cause air quality issues such as acid rain and smog, and pose risks to human health. Green building techniques like solar powering, daylight, and public transport increase energy efficiency and reduce harmful emissions. Every Alegent Health hospital in Omaha and Council Bluffs has diesel-powered generators.Diesel fuel can be very harmful to your system when emitted into the air. Diesel exhaust (figure 8) has been found to contain many toxic air contaminants. Exposure to diesel exhaust can cause short-term symptoms such as headaches, dizziness, nausea, coughing, tightness of the chest, and irritation of the eyes. Although these generators rarely run they need to be tested weekly to ensure they are in proper working condition. Luckily there are now certain filters for this type of emission, yet many health facilities have not adopted the idea. B. Waste Reduction Figure 8: Slotten U. S. ospitals generate approximately 6,600 tons of waste daily and 85 percent of this is non hazardous waste such a s cardboard, food, glass, paper, and plastics that can be recycled. (Simple, Smart, Sustaining Solutions) Hazardous waste disposal is also a major problem in U. S. hospitals. Hazardous waste from hospitals must undergo at least four treatment processes before it arrives at the disposal site. A huge portion of solid waste in the United States is from construction and demolition. (Simple, Smart, Sustaining Solutions) Building deconstruction is the dismantlement of a building with intention of salvaging and recycling materials. Going Green in America's Hospitals) This can be used as an alternative to full-scale demolition, which results in a decrease of waste reduction. Several construction sites now have different dumpsters designated for specific materials this was it is easier to recycle the unused materials and all scrap materials such as metals, plastic, wood, and normal trash. Green construction can be implemented through choice of building materials as well. Seeking quickly rene wable resources to build with decreases the amount of  polluting manufacturing and slows the depletion of non-renewable resources.It is also environmentally, economically, and energy efficient to use materials that are close to the building site, decreasing the amount of oil use as well as air pollution. It would actually be very green, not to mention economically beneficial, to renovate an existing building rather than build a whole new one. This would prevent  the production of all new materials and save the ecosystem that the building would be destroying. C. Indoor Air Quality Indoor air quality is very important. People in industrialized nations spend about 90%of their time indoors. EPA) The bad thing is that most modern buildings can contain substances that are potentially hazardous to out health. These range form dust, to major irritants like chemical vapor off-gassing. (Healthy Air) Indoor air quality can be 10 times worse than outdoor air on smoggy days in big cities. (E PA) Many chemicals and Volatile Organic Compounds (VOC’s) found as contaminants in buildins are known to cause adverse effects on human health. (Simple, Smart, Sustaining Solutions) Though molds can cause allergic reactions, they can also cause chronic illness in humans.This affects not only the patients in a hospital but the employees. There is also a illness called â€Å"sick Building syndrome,† which is linked to poor indoor air quality and has even become an issue where lawsuits have been ensued. (Healthy Air) For over a decade product manufacturers in the building industry have been introducing products that reduce formaldehyde, VOC’s and other potential harmful chemicals. There is a wide range of products available that replace existing adhesives, flooring, paints and other finishes that are much healthier.Indoor air quality can be improved by using different types of materials that are non-toxic. These are materials that emit few or no carcinogens, or irr itants. Fresh air is also a critical component to optimal health. Ventilation provides control over ventilation rates and helps prevent mold. III. Social Benefits A. Improved Health Studies have shown that poor indoor environmental quality from insufficient air circulation, poor lighting, varying temperatures, and toxic paints contribute to respiratory problems, headaches, and allergies.Green building emphasizes ventilation and non-toxic materials that create healthier and more comfortable living environments. B. Healthier Lifestyle Figure 9: Slotten A key element of sustainable design is the preservation of natural environments, which afford a variety of recreation and exercise opportunities. (Bloomington) Green buildings also seek to facilitate alternatives to driving, such as bicycling and public transport, which eases local traffic while encouraging personal health and fitness.Having bicycle racks outside of health facilities, as well as and other building, will benefit from LEE D credits among many others. This will encourage more employees and occupants to ride bicycles to and from the hospital. IV. LEED Certification A. What Does LEED Stand For LEED stands for leadership in energy and environmental design. LEED measures sustainable sites, water efficiency, energy and atmosphere, materials and resources, indoor environmental quality, locations and linkages, awareness and education, innovation and design, and regional priority. (U.S. Green Building Council) There are currently  many forms of accreditation  existent today that encourage green construction, and  that is what most of them do they encourage green construction,  as opposed to mandating  it. The largest one of these is the LEED certification. B. History of LEED Figure 10: Microsoft After the first five years of LEED being launched, more than 2,700 buildings and projects registered for certification. (LEED Certification) 400 buildings have completed certification. This process usually t akes 3+ years from the time of registration. LEED Certification) The number of certifications that are completed is expected to rise quickly as more projects complete construction. C. How to Become LEED Certified LEED points are awarded on a one hundred point scales to reflect their environmental impacts. Buildings seeking LEED rating are subject to the cost of the certification process. Projects must be registered with the US Green Building Council. This costs $450 for members. (U. S. Green Building Council) Many buildings today are striving to gain one of the few  categories of LEED Certification.Seventy percent of new LEED Certified buildings fall under the new construction or major renovations category. A LEED certification is widely respected, creating an  encouragement and acceleration of  the adoption of green building techniques. Federal and state public buildings encourage LEED projects. D. LEED Credentials The credentials of a LEED Certification for a new building ar e based off of six categories: sustainable sites, water efficiency, energy and atmosphere, materials and resources, indoor environmental quality, and innovation and design process. LEED is even used  as a standard in mandatory ordinances.Boston was the first major city to mandate the use of green engineering in buildings. Starting in early 2007, any new building with over 50,000 square feet and any existing building over 100,000 square feet that is being renovated must obtain,  at least, the minimum LEED Certification. (U. S. Green Building Council) Although the LEED Certification series backed by the US Green Building Council is by far the most recognized and used form of accreditation, there are others. Labs21 is an accreditation that is specifically for labs and high performance facilities. It is sponsored by the U. S.Environmental Protection Agency and the U. S. Department of Energy. (U. S. Department of Energy) Energy Star is another program sponsored by these two governmen t agencies, although Energy Star is more involved with advertising energy efficient products and practices. Although they vary in specific tasks, all of these organizations share the same challenging goal of making technologies more energy efficient and eco-friendly while still being cost efficient. E. LEED Levels of Certification With each variety of certification, there come different levels: Certified, Silver, Gold, and Platinum. LEED Certification) Any of the levels of certification would gain the accredited building acknowledgment as well as the obvious environmental and economic benefits. LEED is a third-party certification program and  the nationally accepted benchmark for the design, construction and operation of high performance green buildings. (U. S. Green Building Council) F. Who Uses LEED The people that use LEED are professionals that include architects, interior designers, engineers, construction managers, and federal agencies. Conclusion Green building has already proved to be  successful in many large buildings.Green building in healthcare facilities is rapidly growing in both popularity and importance. There are many businesses that are taking advantage of this change, while at the same time encouraging more change. There are all sorts of companies selling green products, taking part in environmental activities, and encouraging in every way possible for consumers to go green. There is no doubt that a change must come quickly to halt a disaster that is condemning our planet. People  may have to alter their lifestyles in order to reverse the damage that has been done, and putting it off until tomorrow is not an option.In addition to saving the environment, the growing intelligence of green engineering and building construction will help consumers save money by reducing their energy consumption. As soon as new technologies are created, there is a constant evolution of that technology until it is perfected, making it affordable and user fri endly. If people harness these advances as they unfold and are proven sustainable, then they will be taking the road that leads back to a healthy prosperous earth as well as money in their wallet.