Effects of Transition on Child Stress

Effects of Transition on Child Stress Using evidence, write an essay showing how stress is influenced at the levels of the individual, family, locality and society. Chose one intervention at one of the levels and say why you think it could be effective in tackling the problem.   This essay looks at how stress is influenced at many levels: individual, family, locality and society, and concentrates on the level of family, to describe an intervention that could be effective in tackling the problem. As Finlay et al. (2005; p. 141), stress is something that everybody experiences at some point in their life, from children to adults, although excessive amounts of stress can be harmful for individuals in terms of their health and longevity. It is therefore important that the causes of long-term stress be identified and that interventions are utilized in order to minimize the adverse effects of this stress. As Finlay et al. (2005; p. 29-31) point out, however, stress can have many causes, from individual factors, to family concerns, to external factors from the individual’s environment (locality) to societal-level factors, all of which can lead to an individual experiencing stress. This can make it difficult to isolate one intervention that could be effective; the remainder of the essay will, however, describe a case study and will highlight one intervention that might be effective in this case. The particular example that will be used is that of a primary-aged child who is showing signs of stress. The child is manifesting behavioural changes, such as disturbed sleep and mood swings, and is experiencing headaches and loss of appetite, all of which are classic signs of childhood stress (Flinn, 1999). The child is the youngest child of a two-child family, and has just started primary school. His parents both work full-time and they are rarely in the house. The family does not eat together. The child’s older brother is a teenager, and is going through exams at the moment. He himself is also showing signs of stress, and all the spare time the parents have, they spend with their oldest child, helping him cope with his exams. It is clear that the youngest child is being neglected emotionally, at a time when he needs support, having just moved to full-time school. There are many stressors on this child, which can be addressed through some simple interventions, which will be discussed below. A recent study (Turner-Cobb, 2008) shows that, in particular, periods of transition in childhood can be extremely stressful for children. Studies have suggested that stress can be anticipated by children, which can lead to deep anxiety (Primary Report, 2007). As shown by Flinn (1999), untreated stress in childhood can have long-term health effects, such as adverse developmental effects (McEwen, 2008) and increased mortality (McEwen, 2003). In addition, childhood stress can lead to social problems, such as poor familial relationships, and behavioural disorders as a result of this (McEwen, 2003; Alfven et al., 2008; Flinn, 1995). As Flinn and England (1997) show, supported by Bauer and Boyce (2004), these social problems can then lead, in later life, to socio-economic problems caused by long-term health concerns. As (Finlay et al., 2005; p.64) state, â€Å"Family relationships have both a positive and a negative effect on health behaviours and health†. As suggested, the lack of ‘family meals’, where the whole family sits down to eat can disrupt the parent-children relationship, and can lead to stress being put on the children, who feel they do not have a regular point of contact with their parent(s), breaking the facility for communication with their parent(s) (Finlay et al., 2005; p.64). This certainly seems to be the case here, where the parents work full-time and have little spare time to spend ‘quality time’ with their child. As (Finlay et al., 2005; p.70) suggest, the changing roles within families have put stress on the family, with both parents working meaning that the children are less likely to see their parents for extended periods of time, leading to a greater need for independence at an earlier age and, also, potentially leading to poor health beha viours in the children and to higher levels of stress in these children. What can be done, what intervention can be suggested, to help this child? Given that the child is young, very young, and is going through a stressful period in his life at the moment, with the transition to full-time school, and that the child is being neglected, emotionally, by his parents, the suggested intervention is that the family attempt to sit down together at all mealtimes. This would give the family an opportunity to be together and would allow the child time to settle down with his parents and to feel comfortable enough to be able to tell them about his worries and his concerns. As shown by Arnold (1990), it is often enough for a child to be given the space to talk for the child to feel less stressed, and to recover from the symptoms of stress they were suffering. This intervention is expected to be effective in that it would allow connections to be made again between the child and his parents, and his brother, allowing some repair of the disrupted parent-child relationship (Finlay et al., 2005; p. 64). The need for families to have a space (both physical and temporal) where they can be together is paramount, in terms of allowing each family member to interact with each other, allowing them to discuss their worries and concerns and allowing, to some extent, the stressors to be relaxed. This is especially important for a young child who needs to feel protected. Without the protection of their families, their parents, young children can begin to feel vulnerable, with this vulnerability allowing for stressful events to have a far greater negative effect than usual on their responses to stress (Arnold, 1990). By sitting down together as a family, by talking and being listened to, the child can externalize his worries and, once shared, these worrie s can be dealt with in the most appropriate ways. Indeed, recent studies have shown that families who eat meals together have children who are more emotionally healthy than those families who do not eat together (Fivush and Duke, 2005; Duke et al., 2004). In summary, the suggested intervention in this case is to sit down together, as a family, to eat together. It is important to realize that such an intervention can have major effects on the sense of belonging a child has, which, in turn, can reduce their sense of vulnerability and can increase their ability to deal with stressful situations, and to avoid suffering from stress. This type of interaction can also lead to greater levels of family cohesiveness and resilience, having the beneficial side effect of contributing to a general reduction in family-level stressors. References Alfven, G. et al. (2008). Stressor, perceived stress and recurrent pain in Swedish schoolchildren. Journal of Psychosomatic Research 65(4), pp. 381-387. Arnold, E.L. (1990). Childhood Stress. John Wiley Sons. Bauer, A.W. and Boyce, T. (2004) Prophecies of childhood: how childrens social environments and biological propensities affect the health of populations. International Journal of Behavioral Medicine 11(3), pp. 164-175. Duke, M.P. et al. (2004). Of ketchup and kin: dinnertime conversations as a major source of family knowledge, family adjustment and family resilience. The Emory Centre for Myth and Ritual in American Life, Working Paper 26, available from http://www.marial.emory.edu/pdfs/Duke_Fivush027-03.pdf [Accessed on 3rd October 2008]. Finlay, L. et al. (2005). Understanding Health. The Open University. Fivush, R. et al. (2004). Family narratives and the development of children’s emotional well-being. In Family stories and life course, Pratt, M.W. and Fiese, B.H. (eds.), Lawrence Erlbaum Associates. Flinn, M.V. (1995). Childhood stress and family environment. Current Anthropology 36(5), pp. 181-187. Flinn, M.V. and England, B. G. (1997). Social economics of childhood glucocorticoid stress response and health. American Journal of Physical Anthropology 102(1), pp. 33-53. Flinn, M.V. (1999). Family environment, stress and health during childhood. In Hormones, Health and Behaviour, Panter-Brick, C. and Worthman, C.M. (eds.), Cambridge University Press. McEwen, B.S. (2003). Early life influences on life-long patterns of behaviour and health. Mental Retardation and Developmental Disability Research Review 9(3), pp.149-154. McEwen, B.S. (2008). Understanding the potency of stressful early life experiences on brain and body function. Metabolism 57(2), pp. 11-15. Primary Report (2007). Community Soundings: The Primary Review regional witness sessions. Available from http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/shared/bsp/hi/pdfs/12_10_2007primary.pdf [Accessed on 3rd October 2008]. Turner-Cobb, J. (2008). Children’s transition to school. Preliminary results available from http://www.bath.ac.uk/schooltransition/home#results [Accessed 3rd October 2008].

Effects of Cyberbullying Essay

Examples of Cyberbullying Cyberbullying examples  is referred to as a form of bullying  that is known to take place through the use of electronics such as mobile phones and over the internet. Furthermore, social media sites such as Facebook and Twitter among many others, chat, text messages as well as websites are avenues through which cyber bullying can take place. It is to be noted that cyber bullying often is between kids, teens or even pre-teens and it will involve emails, text messages as well as rumors that are spread or posted on a social site over the internet or through the phone. Picture messages that are embarrassing, websites and even videos in addition to fake profiles are some of the means through which cyber bullying can take place. It has become quite a common social menace among young people and often those that have been victims of cyber bullying have been at one time bullied in person. Cyber bullying has great negative impacts on the life of the victims and therefore, should be dealt wi th accordingly by the relevant stakeholders who include parents, teachers as well as the government. Causes of Cyberbullying Characteristics Cyber bullying can take place at any time of the day, that is, 24/7. The kids that are targeted can be reached at any time when they are with the parents or guardians as well as when they are alone (Hoff, & Mitchell, 2009). This means that cyber bullying can take place either during the day or during the night. This trait of cyber bullying makes it quite difficult for parents or even guardians to monitor their children and even become aware of them being bullied. The second characteristic that is associated with cyber bullying is that the messages and the pictures being sent to the targeted kid can be done anonymously and can easily be distributed within a short time to a large number of people using the same sites(Hoff, & Mitchell, 2009). This is a big problem when it comes to dealing with the issue of cyber bullying because it becomes difficult to trace where the message or even picture have originated from so that the culprit can be brought to book. Finally, it is important to note that cyber bullying has quite a long lasting impact on the targeted victims. This is based on the reason that after the harassing messages, pictures or even the texts have been posted on the sites; it becomes quite difficult to erase or even delete those messages(Mishna, Khoury-Kassabri, Gadalla, & Daciuk2012). This means that every time the kid being bullied will view them and this will keep tormenting them and therefore, there is need to address such kind of issue by the relevant stakeholders. Negative effects of cyber bullying Any form of vice in the society often has its negative effects on those people that it is directed towards. In this case, cyber bullying has some of the greatest harmful effects on the lives of the kids who are victims(Mishna, Khoury-Kassabri, Gadalla, & Daciuk2012). Some of the negative impacts of cyber bullying on kids include the indulgence in drugs or even alcohol. When a kid is a victim of cyber bullying, they become frustrated. This results in the use of drugs as well as alcohol. The other negative effects of cyber bullying include the kids skipping school hence their education life becomes ruined since they tend to avoid their bullies (Campbell, 2005). The performance of the bullied kid will tend to drop as they will lack interest in their studies. Furthermore, the bullied kid will be affected in terms of their personality. The bullied kid will experience lower self-esteem since they will become afraid of facing their tormentor or even interact with other kids as they used to since they will be ridiculed (Mishna, Khoury-Kassabri, Gadalla, & Daciuk2012). Finally, it is to be noted that children or kids that experience cyber bullying will tend to experiences health complications and problems such as stress which may lead to other serious health problems. Causes of Cyber bullying There are several causes which have been identified that result in cyber bullying among kids. One of the causes is the motivation for revenge. Some of the cases of cyber bullying are as a result of kids who have been bullied in the past and therefore want to do the same to others. The second cause of cyber bullying is the belief by other kids that the victims often deserve to be bullied(Mishna, Khoury-Kassabri, Gadalla, & Daciuk2012). For example, if a certain kid is thought to be mean to others, they may decide to bully the kid to make them change or in retaliation to their meanness. Thirdly, some kids bully others because of boredom. They are looking for fun and therefore, they think that bullying others will help cheer them up. The other causes which have been identified include peer pressure from others that have been involved in cyber bullying, the perception that everyone else is involved in cyber bullying, and the beliefs that they will not be caught due to the anonymity invol ved(Mishna, Khoury-Kassabri, Gadalla, & Daciuk2012). Finally, hunger for power especially for kids from well-off families towards poor kids is also a cause in addition to lack of empathy for other kids. According to National Center for Education Statistics and Bureau of Justice Statisticsin the year 2010-2011 about 9% among the students that are in the 6–12 grades have at one time had an experience of cyberbullying. In the year 2013, according to Youth Risk Behavior Surveillance Surveyabout 15% of the 9-12 grade students in high school to have experienced cyber bullying over the past year 2012. In conclusion, cyber bullying has become one of the most committed criminal acts among the young people and kids. However, due to the continued technological developments, it has become quite a challenge to handle the issue of cyber bullying. It is also quite difficult to determine the exact number of cases of cyber bullying considering that some of them are not reported to parents or even authorities in the schools. References Campbell, M. A. (2005). Cyber Bullying: An Old Problem in a New Guise?.Australian journal of Guidance and Counselling, 15(01), 68-76. Hoff, D. L., & Mitchell, S. N. (2009). Cyberbullying: Causes, effects, and remedies. Journal of Educational Administration, 47(5), 652-665. Mishna, F., Khoury-Kassabri, M., Gadalla, T., &Daciuk, J. (2012). Risk factors for involvement in cyber bullying: Victims, bullies and bully–victims. Children and Youth Services Review, 34(1), 63-70. Source document

A Brief Note On Diabetes And Its Effects On The Quality Of...

Diabetes has been portrayed as an epidemic affecting an expected 104 million individuals around the world. Diabetes is not only a typical chronic ailment as well as it meets all 3 criteria for a public health disease (Cockram, 2000). The objective of the clinical administration of all types of diabetes is to control metabolic disorders related to diabetes without adversely affecting the quality of life (Renders, et al. 2000). The research study is focused on management of diabetes mellitus in Asian population by balancing nutrition in a way to achieve diabetic control. The research is a primary research which is carried out using primary data and the results have been tabulated using descriptive statistics (graphs and frequency table). The results of the study suggest that diabetes can be managed through lifestyle interventions. Research Proposal While keeping in mind the issue of advancing incidence of diabetes mellitus in Asian population, a research proposal is kept forward based on the following hypotheses. Rationale behind carrying out the research The study has been designed and completed in order to prove any of the aforementioned hypotheses hence the results produced would lead to acceptance of one while rejection of the other. The proposal includes the idea of a research project which is designed to find out whether balancing nutrition in diabetic Asian population is helpful in managing diabetes or not. Asian countries are still developing and lag behind inShow MoreRelatedHealth Promotion Among Black or African Population Gcu1095 Words   |  5 PagesPopulation [Your Name] Grand Canyon University: Family-Centered Health Promotion(NRS-429V) January 10, 2016  Health Promotion Among Black or African American Population The Center for Disease Control and Prevention [CDC] (2015) notes that â€Å"Starting in 1997, the Office of Management and Budget (OMB) requires federal agencies to use a minimum of five race categories: White, Black or African American, American Indian or Alaska Native, Asian, and Native Hawaiian or other Pacific IslanderRead MoreDiabetic Patients Should Be Educated About Diagnosis Of The Disease ( Powers )1730 Words   |  7 Pageswith diabetes type two are psychological concerns, behavior change strategies (e.g., self-directed goal setting), taking medications, purchasing food, planning meals, identifying portion sizes, physical activity, and checking blood glucose (ADA, 2016). â€Å"Individuals requiring insulin should receive additional education so that the insulin regimen can be cording with patient’s eating pattern and physical activity† (Franz, Boucher, Evert, 2014). Multiple studies provide evidence that diabetes nutritionRead MoreExercise and Tips for Healthy Living1554 Words   |  6 Pageseasily and envio us of those who are fit, leading to an uncomfortable life. By following the exercises and tips in my e-book, results will be indefinite. Sprinting 100 meters, cycling, drinking water etc. are all productive, and help allow for someone who is obese to gain and exude self-confidence, not change clothes in isolated areas, participate in athletic activities, have fit friends who like to be active and fun, and live a life that does not include shame due to confidence in physical appearanceRead MoreGrade Z For Adolescents And Adolescents Essay1699 Words   |  7 Pagesthe idea of cramming as many activities and task in a day when our age turns to double-digits. At a certain age, students are suddenly hit with the long list of things they want or should do all at once. This consists of school, family time, social life, extra circular activities, a job, homework, and much more. Perhaps most importantly on this lengthy list is sleep, something that is grossly misunderstood and undervalued. The long and short of it is that adolescents are not getting enough sleep dueRead MoreA Brief Note On The Current Evidence Based Practices1891 Words   |  8 PagesDiabetes in Dentistry: a review of the current evidence based practices Introduction Diabetes is one of the most common conditions that dental clinicians may come across in their patients. According to the Australian Institute of Health and Welfare 4% of Australians have diabetes, that is around 999,000 people or 1 in 25 people who you would treat in the dental practice(http://www.aihw.gov.au/diabetes/). Furthermore an estimated 280 Australians develop diabetes every day with it being the fastestRead MoreRecent Top Five Causes of Death in Ameri and South Africa1591 Words   |  6 Pagesdetail about one of those top five causes to better understand the reasons for its prominence in the different contexts ranging from risk factors, health policy, disease progression and treatment advances or lack thereof. In order to do this, first a brief explanation into some key concepts in health psychology that may aid in this analysis will be looked at. Health psychology is the â€Å"promotion and treatment of illness and related dysfunction† (Ogden, 2007). In health psychology there are two schoolsRead MoreBenefits Of Physical Training Patients With Diabetes And Chronic Kidney Disease2469 Words   |  10 PagesBENEFIT OF PHYSICAL TRAINING IN PATIENTS WITH DIABETES AND CHRONIC KIDNEY DISEASE. Yetunde M. Fajulugbe Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Boonshoft School of Medicine, Wright State University Dayton OH. Keywords: Diabetes, Chronic Kidney Disease, Physical Training, Abstract: Introduction Diabetes occur when there is a combination of inadequate secretion of insulin by the pancreatic beta cells and the peripheral insulin resistance. Insulin resistance leads to a reducedRead MoreWhy Is Sleep So Important?3274 Words   |  14 PagesWhy Is Sleep So Important? 1. Introduction Sleep is a biological fact of life that often does not receive the greatest amount of attention and priority. Understanding the causes of why some individuals, and even societies, choose not to have adequate amounts of sleep leads to inconsistent results. However, the consequences of not getting enough of sleep are worth noting. While some individuals choose to sacrifice the amount of sleep they have on a regular basis, others do not have that choice andRead MoreIntegrated Health Promotion Plan For Mr. Laurane2522 Words   |  11 Pagesintegrated health promotion plan for Mr. Laurane that will hopefully set him on the path to leading a healthier, and thus longer, life. I. Identification of Issues 1.1 Brief Health History and Risk Factors as an Individual and a Family Member As mentioned, the patient’s name is Joshua John Laurane. He is an African American male of 69 years with a past medical history of diabetes (Type II), hypertension, congestive heart failure, and high cholesterol. He first presented with these underlying issues asRead MoreIs Borderline Personality Disorder? Essay1818 Words   |  8 PagesThis article will examine the benefit and indications of applying one of a contemporary organized psychological theory to a patient that the writer has already worked with as a summative case study. A brief history of the patient ailment which is borderline personality disorder (BPD) will be discussed as well as treatment plan and choices in accordance with a chosen psychotherapy (mentalisation base therapy MBT). The author will legitimize the purpose behind the chosen treatment and conclude his

Teen Bullying Must Be Stopped Essay - 1429 Words

Bullying in school environments is not a rare or recent development by any means. However, it would appear the intensity and consequences have reached new, devastating heights in more recent cases. I was shocked to discover that there have been five recent teen suicides from bullying, in the high school in my current city. According to one of my local news-station’s website, www.foxnews.com, in Mentor High School (Mentor, Ohio) there have been four cases of teen suicides from bullying in a little more than three years. The suicides were from one teen who was bullied for being gay, one being bullied because of a learning disability, one for a boy who liked to wear pink, one from an overdose of antidepressants and the most†¦show more content†¦Even after her death, Sladjana’s bullying continued. At the Wake, the girls who tortured Sladjana for months walked up to her casket and laughed at her. There have been two lawsuits against Mentor High-including from Sladja na’s family- about the un-acknowledged cases of intense bullying. As horrific and shocking as Sladjana’s story is, it is just one of the many that happen to teens. According to www.bullyingstatistics.org, bullying is defined as, â€Å"Behaviors that focus on making someone else feel inadequate, or focus on belittling someone else. Bullying includes harassment, physical harm, repeated demeaning speech, and efforts to ostracize another person. Bullying is active and is done with the intention of bringing another person down.† The site also claims that even if bullying does not lead to suicide it does have deep effects on teens that can lead to depression, drug use, and stunted social development, which can affect an individual even into adulthood. According to www.teendepression.org, a web page on statistics, prevention and facts about teen depression and related issues, it is hard to pin-point just exactly how many teen suicides are related to bullying because te ens may not report the bullying. However, the site does state that 77% of students have admitted to being a victim of one type ofShow MoreRelatedCyberbullying has sadly become an everyday thing for many teens all across the world. Just1100 Words   |  5 PagesCyberbullying has sadly become an everyday thing for many teens all across the world. Just recently, a cyberbullying incident involving three girls resulted in one girl commiting suicide. The victim, Rebecca, started dating a boy back in 2012. Another girl did not like this so she began to harass and bully her telling her that she should â€Å"drink bleach and die† (Newcomb). The bullying did not stop there, it only escalated from online verbal harassment to physical confrontations at school. On top ofRead MoreCyberbullying Is A Crime Persuasive Speech937 Words   |  4 PagesCyberbullying is a Crime-Persuasive Speech â€Å"95% of all teens, ages 12 through 17 are now online...† (Meier). The internet is now a prominent part of the 21st Century society. We are able to communicate with practically anyone, anywhere, instantly, regardless of the distance between us. Electronics and the internet are fast becoming a vital part of our daily lives and this can make them more susceptible to misuse. By using technology, people can communicate anything they want with very few possibleRead MoreCyberbullying And The Technology And Educational Reform874 Words   |  4 PagesBullying has been going on for many years now, but recently there has been a change to how people bully one another; this change is called cyber bullying. This type of bullying is way more complex and difficult to prevent from happening, but by taking the right precautions you can stop this from happening or even prevent it from happening before it even starts. There are many different components to stopping it, but the two most ke y components are knowing the different types of cyberbullying andRead MoreCyber Bullying Is Dangerous Regardless The Way It Is Done959 Words   |  4 Pages Cyber bullying is dangerous regardless the way it is done. When I was younger, I experienced it myself some of the other girls would pick on me through name calling, pushing and making rumors about me that weren t true. Teens will find anything to pick on about which would be through their idea of a slight imperfection weight, sexual orientation, disablement and looking different some will take it too far to the point the bullied child wants to commit suicide and that is the reason for thisRead MoreProposing a Solution Essay Bullying767 Words   |  4 PagesSolution: Bullying Bullying among American elementary, middle and high school students is a growing problem. Bullying has been defined many ways, by many people. One definition is unwanted, aggressive behavior among school aged children that involves a real or perceived imbalance of power. (stopbullying.org). Bullying is a very negative act and honestly needs to be stopped. This essay will provide my solution for the growing bullying problem in our schools. Over the years, bullying has becomeRead MoreSuicide Among Teenagers1095 Words   |  5 Pagesof suicide in a teenager. Most of these factors are usually the major causes but are not identified as one. The major influences of teenage suicide are the parent’s denial of the signs of suicide. Some other influences of teenage suicide include bullying, drug and alcohol abuse, depression and easy access to weapons. The number one step to that we can take in the eradicating of teenage suicide is to eliminate the â€Å"I do not care attitude†. Scott Fritz, whose 15-year-old daughter took her life inRead MoreEffects Of Bullying On Kids : Do Actions Speak Louder Than Words? How Much Harm?1620 Words   |  7 PagesEffects of Bullying on Kids Do actions speak louder than words? How much harm can a word produce? Loser. Fatty. Nerd. Nobody. Worthless. Bullying has always been an issue in childhood and high school, but it isn t until this decade that the spotlight has really focused on the damage it produces in a child s life. In the past, adults just thought bullying was an innocent way kids expressed their feelings but now we have seen the true darkness in this problem. In 2007, almost a third of kids inRead MoreBullying : Bullying And Bullying1030 Words   |  5 PagesKassandra Barragan Ms. Filar English 4/ Per: 1 9 May 2017 Bullying While doing research on bullying, I found studies on subject like cyber bullying, physical bullying, and verbal bullying. Bullying is a big problem now and has been in our society for some time. What is disturbing is that school is supposed to be a place where students learn and try to get away from outside problems but sadly some see it as a battlefield or place of survival. According to Webster s Dictionary, a bully is someoneRead MorePersuasive Essay On Bullying1203 Words   |  5 Pagesfather had been jailed for hitting her† (Goad). Bullying has been a major problem in our society. The power of bullying can ruin someone’s life. Nothing good can ever come from bullying no matter how it happens. Bullying has been around for a long time, and it must come to an end. Bullying should be stopped because of the terrible and heartbreaking outcomes. To begin, the power of bullying is disgraceful land will always have a negative outcome. Bullying occurs when someone is repeatedly harmed by someoneRead MorePersuasive Essay On Cyber Bullying1255 Words   |  6 Pages Bullying among teens has been going on for years. It has gotten worse with the new technology of today. Bullying has not stopped, but the medium has changed over the years. From face to face interactions and spreading rumors in class, to now post on Facebook, tweets, text messages, and emails. Kids can now be bullied twenty-four hours a day, seven days a week, by people in school or people around the world. In a recent study done by Sam Laird, he states that, â€Å"42% of teens reports being bullied